Understanding the RERA Service Charge Index in Dubai


Intro
Understanding the RERA service charge index is pivotal for anyone looking to navigate the intricate real estate market of Dubai. RERA, or the Real Estate Regulatory Agency, plays a significant role in ensuring transparency and fairness in property transactions. This system governs the service charges that property owners must pay for the maintenance and management of their buildings. Without a grasp of how these charges work, investors and homeowners might find themselves at a disadvantage, often blindsided by unexpected costs.
As the landscape of Dubai's real estate continues to evolve, the dynamics surrounding service charges undergo changes as well. This article sets out to demystify the RERA service charge index—its calculation, implications, and influence on property values. By highlighting recent trends and regulatory updates, we aim to empower stakeholders with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions. Whether you're an investor eyeing potential opportunities or a homeowner grappling with service charge assessments, having a thorough understanding of this index is essential for successful property management and investment.
Market Trends
Current Real Estate Landscape
Dubai's real estate market is a vibrant tapestry woven from a multitude of elements. The current situation has been largely characterized by a recovery following a dip influenced by economic fluctuations and global events. As of late 2023, developers and investors are optimistic, with many regions witnessing stabilization in property values. The RERA service charge index aids in understanding these shifts, providing a frame of reference for what homeowners and investors can expect in terms of ongoing costs.
Service charges are typically used to cover common area maintenance, security, and other shared amenities, which in turn can heavily influence property desirability. A clear grasp on RERA's standards can help to avoid the pitfalls of inflated charges that do not reflect actual service delivery.
Property Price Trends
In recent years, some areas in Dubai have showcased remarkable price resilience while others have experienced fluctuations in value. Areas such as Downtown Dubai and Dubai Marina continue to draw interest due to their amenities and lifestyle offerings. Meanwhile, emerging neighborhoods are providing enticing opportunities for investors. The RERA's guidelines for service charges can be a compass in identifying where value for money lies.
Some key trends include:
- Increased Transparency: More developers are aligning their operations with RERA's framework, promoting clearer communication about service charges.
- Sustainability Initiatives: Buildings that incorporate green technology often see lower service charges, a trend that attracts both buyers and renters.
- Market Adaptation: The rise in demand for flexible payment arrangements is pushing developers to reconsider traditional service charge models.
“Understanding the RERA service charge index equips buyers and investors with the insight needed to accurately assess property values in relation to ongoing costs.”
By keeping an eye on these trends, stakeholders can position themselves to capitalize on the changing dynamics of Dubai's real estate market.
Investment Opportunities
High-Return Areas
Investing in property in Dubai is not merely about purchasing real estate; it’s also about being strategic. Certain hotspots are on the radar for high returns, largely influenced by the RERA service charge index. Areas like Jumeirah Village Circle and Dubai South present appealing opportunities where service charges remain competitively low while growth prospects are high.
Investors should consider:
- Rental Yield: Properties in key districts can yield returns upwards of 6%, making them attractive for rental investments.
- Future Developments: Regions earmarked for upcoming infrastructure projects often see an uptick in property values post-construction.
Upcoming Developments
As Dubai continues to expand, new developments are sprouting up across the emirate. Keeping abreast of these can be tremendously beneficial for investors looking to enter the market at the right time. Projects like the Dubai Creek Harbour and the various waterfront communities are gaining traction.
Investors should focus on:
- Pre-Launch Opportunities: Early investments in projects often come with significant discounts compared to post-launch prices.
- Regulatory Changes: Understanding RERA regulations can provide insights into potential future costs related to service charges.
By closely following the trends and upcoming developments, stakeholders can strategically navigate the complexities embedded in Dubai's real estate sector. Armed with this knowledge, investors and homeowners alike can better prepare themselves to thrive in a constantly changing environment.
Overview of the RERA Service Charge Index
The RERA Service Charge Index serves as a pivotal tool in Dubai's real estate sector, impacting various stakeholders from homeowners to investors. This index is not merely a collection of numbers; it's a reflection of the operational realities in property management. The significance of understanding this index cannot be overstated, especially for those who wish to navigate the choppy waters of real estate in Dubai.
Definition of RERA
RERA, or the Real Estate Regulatory Agency, plays a crucial role in Dubai's real estate landscape. Established under the Dubai Land Department, RERA aims to regulate real estate activities, ensuring transparency and fairness. By acting as a watchdog, it not only protects the interests of investors but also improves the overall credibility of the property market. RERA is instrumental in developing and implementing regulations that govern service charges, providing a framework that both property owners and managers must adhere to. Without RERA, misunderstandings and disputes could easily thrive in a market as vibrant as Dubai's.
Purpose of the Service Charge Index
The Service Charge Index is designed to provide clarity. Essentially, it outlines what homeowners can expect to pay in service charges based on a variety of factors specific to their property. This index is crucial for budgeting, allowing owners to plan accordingly without any nasty surprises on their statements.
Moreover, it assists in leveling the playing field among property management companies, ensuring that service charge calculations are standardized and transparent. The purpose of this index, therefore, is to protect consumers while enabling effective management practices. Stakeholders rely on this tool to assess the value of their investments and make informed decisions.
The Service Charge Index represents a critical connection between the management of properties and the expectations of homeowners, highlighting the importance of transparency and fairness in Dubai's real estate market.
Understanding the RERA Service Charge Index is essential for anyone looking to engage with Dubai's real estate scene. Whether you're a homeowner, investor, or real estate agent, grasping the nuances of this index will equip you with the knowledge to make sound financial choices.
The Role of RERA in Dubai's Real Estate Market
The Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA) plays an integral role in shaping the real estate landscape in Dubai, and its impact is felt across various facets of the market. From ensuring regulatory compliance to enhancing transparency, RERA's functions cannot be overlooked. Understanding its role helps stakeholders grasp how the property market operates and can directly influence their decisions.


Regulatory Framework
At the heart of RERA's operations is the regulatory framework designed to maintain order and fairness in property transactions. The framework sets clear guidelines on how service charges should be calculated and charged to property owners. This is crucial because without strong regulations, service charge disputes could arise, leading to a breakdown of trust between property management companies and homeowners.
Notably, the RERA Service Charge Index lays out the standard rates for different types of properties, based on size, location, and amenities. Landlords must adhere to these guidelines when determining service fees, which aims to prevent arbitrary price hikes. The agency also conducts periodic audits to ensure compliance, which reduces the likelihood of mismanagement.
"Transparency is a key pillar of RERA's framework, acting as a beacon for both local and international investors who seek assurance in their property dealings."
This regulatory backbone not only calms fears for investors and homeowners but also supports ethical practices within the real estate sector. Housing developments are evaluated to ensure they align with the stipulated service charge norms, which helps cultivate a competitive market where property value is properly reflected.
Impact on Property Management
RERA's guidelines profoundly affect how property management companies operate in Dubai. With a clearly defined structure for service charges, property managers find themselves navigating a landscape that is both regulated and competitive. They must ensure efficient management of building amenities, maintenance, and overall services to justify the service fees imposed.
In essence, property management teams are incentivized to improve their service delivery to retain residents and attract new homeowners. A well-managed property that adheres to RERA’s standards not only draws in higher rents but also helps sustain long-term tenant satisfaction. This cyclical impact reinforces the value proposition for investors who are keen on ensuring their properties remain desirable.
Conversely, when property management falls short of RERA's guidelines, it can lead to discontent among homeowners. High service charges without corresponding value can cause friction between residents and management companies, often resulting in disputes that tarnish reputations.
By ensuring they operate within the structuring set by RERA, property management firms present themselves as trustworthy entities capable of handling residents’ needs efficiently, ultimately leading to a more robust and sustainable real estate market.
Components of the Service Charge Index
Understanding the intricacies of the RERA Service Charge Index is vital for anyone looking to navigate Dubai’s complex real estate waters. The makeup of this index determines how much property owners and tenants contribute towards the maintenance and management of their residential or commercial establishments.
Types of Charges Included
The service charge index is not just a flat fee; it’s a compilation of various expenses associated with property management. Here are some key charges you might encounter:
- Utilities: This encompasses water and electricity costs, ensuring that all facilities are running smoothly.
- Maintenance: Regular upkeep such as cleaning, landscaping, and repairs demand a significant portion of these charges.
- Security Services: Many properties require 24-hour security, which adds to the overall service charge.
- Management Fees: Fees charged by real estate management companies handling the properties on behalf of the owners.
- Reserve Funds: Setting aside a percentage for unexpected future repairs or replacements.
Understanding each of these aspects allows residents and investors to gauge if the charges levied align with the services they are receiving. An informed buyer knows what should be included in the service charge and can question discrepancies where necessary.
Calculating Service Charges
Determining service charges is not a one-size-fits-all process; it is a nuanced calculation that considers various factors.
Factors Affecting Calculations
Several elements play a crucial role in how service charges get calculated:
- Property Size: Larger properties generally incur higher costs due to increased utility and maintenance requirements.
- Location: Premium neighborhoods often have higher service charges due to enhanced services.
- Facilities Offered: Buildings with pools, gyms, and common areas typically encounter increased service charges due to additional maintenance needs.
These factors are key determinants in arriving at a fair, reflective service charge. A distinct characteristic of this framework is how it allows property managers to tailor charges based on specific building needs. However, this can be a double-edged sword—if poorly managed, it could lead to inflated costs affecting renters and buyers alike.
Common Methodologies Used
When calculating service charges, it’s essential to understand the methodologies that shape these calculations.
- Pro-rata Basis: This method charges an amount proportional to the area of the property.
- Flat Rate: A uniform charge for all properties irrespective of size or services availed.
- Cost Recovery Model: Charges are based on actual operational costs incurred, which could vary year-to-year.
Each method holds distinct advantages and drawbacks. For instance, the pro-rata basis is widely seen as equitable but might become burdensome for larger properties if not managed transparently. On the other hand, the flat-rate system simplifies calculations, but may not reflect actual usage and costs effectively.
“Understanding the components of the service charge index not only aids in budgeting but also empowers investors and homeowners to negotiate more effectively.”
By navigating through these components of service charges, stakeholders become better equipped to make informed decisions that impact their investments and living conditions in Dubai’s ever-evolving real estate landscape.
Implications for Homeowners and Investors
Understanding the RERA service charge index is pivotal for both homeowners and investors in Dubai's bustling real estate market. This index does not merely skim the surface; it dives into the depths of financial planning and visibility, affecting each party's bottom line. The implications are multifaceted, intertwining financial realities with broader investment strategies. Each homeowner must understand how these charges can nibble away at their budgets while investors need to gauge their substantiality to assess overall property value.
Financial Considerations
Budgeting for Service Charges
Budgeting for service charges is more crucial than many might initially perceive. In a landscape where every dirham counts, understanding how much to allocate for these often-overlooked expenses can make or break one’s financial planning. Homeowners must not only examine the service charge index but also prepare a detailed budget that includes these expenses.
One key characteristic of budgeting for service charges is its impact on long-term financial health. By actively setting aside a specific amount each month, homeowners can avoid unpleasant surprises when service charges increase or unexpected assessments arise. This strategy helps in creating a financial cushion and makes managing household expenses smoother.
A unique feature of this budgeting process is its adaptability; service charges can be variable, influenced by a plethora of factors—from building maintenance needs to management fees. Hence, homeowners should familiarize themselves with historical trends and projections to ensure their budget is realistic and comprehensive. However, one must be cautious of potential drawbacks, such as allocating too much and not utilizing it effectively, leading to unnecessary cash flow strain.


Assessing Value for Money
When assessing value for money relative to service charges, it's about understanding what you’re getting for the fees paid. Homeowners should carefully dissect what each charge covers—be it security, maintenance, utilities, or amenities. This understanding not only helps justify the expense but also raises the bar for property management companies to deliver on their promises.
This evaluation process is crucial and often overlooked, mainly because many assume higher charges correlate with better services. However, the truth can vary widely. The key here is striking a balance between affordable service charges and the quality of services received. A unique feature of this assessment is enabling homeowners to initiate dialogue with property managers regarding need-based adjustments, which can lead to significant savings.
On the flip side, assessing value for money can be a double-edged sword. It can lead to dissatisfaction if the charges seem disproportionate to the services rendered. Thus, homeowners must adopt a proactive mindset and employ a critical lens to evaluate these charges, ensuring they receive fair value.
Impact on Investment Decisions
Regarding investment decisions, the RERA service charge index plays a seemingly understated yet crucial role. Investors have to think far beyond initial pricing and potential returns. The service charge index can significantly influence a property's profitability and, subsequently, its long-term value. An investor who ignores these implications risks stumbling into unexpected financial pitfalls.
The relationship between high service charges and property desirability is complex. In some instances, properties with well-justified service charges may yield higher returns due to the quality amenities and services provided. Conversely, if charges are perceived as exorbitant, even a prime location may struggle to attract potential buyers.
In essence, both homeowners and investors must maintain a sharp focus on the RERA service charge index as a viable element of broader financial strategy and decision-making. Being educated about service charge implications helps navigate opportunities and prepares stakeholders better for market fluctuations. Ultimately, a well-rounded grasp of service charges supports informed decision-making, ensuring investment sustainability in Dubai's dynamic real estate market.
Recent Trends in Service Charges
As the Dubai real estate market continues evolving, understanding the recent trends in service charges has become crucial for both homeowners and investors. These trends reflect broader economic conditions, regulatory updates, and shifts in consumer expectations. By keeping an eye on these developments, stakeholders position themselves better in a fluctuating market. This section dives deep into the intricacies of service charge trends, shedding light on what to anticipate moving forward.
Market Analysis
The landscape of service charges in Dubai is not static; it's influenced by a myriad of factors. Typically, market analysis encompasses an examination of service charge fluctuations over recent years. A substantial aspect of this analysis is the correlation between service charge increases and property value appreciation. Investors might find that rising service charges could point toward a property that’s gaining value, but this isn’t always a straightforward relationship.
For instance, properties in prime locations like Downtown Dubai or Palm Jumeirah often face higher service charges due to the extensive amenities they offer. Conversely, areas undergoing development might show varied trends, with fluctuating charges reflective of the patchy services provided as constructions progress.
"Understanding local market dynamics means looking beyond the numbers. It includes considering connectivity, amenities, and maintenance levels." - Real Estate Analyst.
Additionally, recent statistics indicate that property management companies are now more inclined to invest in technology for transparency. The rise of digital platforms aids both owners and tenants in accessing service charge breakdowns with a click of a button. Such platforms not only provide insights into everyday charges but also enhance accountability.
- Key trends in service charges include:
- Higher expenses in luxury developments
- Increased transparency through digital platforms
- Regulatory changes influencing charge baselines
Changes in Regulatory Policies
Navigating the regulatory landscape is fundamental when looking at service charges. In 2022, the Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA) introduced new guidelines designed to standardize charges across different types of properties. These changes aimed to curb discrepancies and promote fairness among landlords and tenants.
One notable policy change is the introduction of a maximum cap on service charge increments. This cap noticeably affects homeowner budgets, as sharp increases can now be moderated to a feasible percentage. Coupled with these caps, RERA has mandated periodic audits of service charges by qualified regulatory bodies. This ensures that the calculations follow best practices and beneficially impact the community.
Here are some significant changes made:
- Implementation of a ceiling on service charge hikes now directly correlated with inflation rates
- Enhanced reporting requirements for property management companies
- Stricter penalties for non-compliance with updated guidelines
With the introduction of these regulations, the focus now is on ensuring that service charges align with the provided services, promoting a more consumer-friendly environment. Therefore, homeowners and investors should review these policies regularly to anticipate changes and adjust their financial plans effectively.
Challenges in the RERA Service Charge Framework
Navigating the landscape of service charges in Dubai can feel like wandering through a maze, particularly due to the inherent challenges within the RERA service charge framework. Understanding these obstacles is crucial for homeowners, investors, and management companies as they strive for clarity and fairness in financial dealings. These challenges are not just mere inconveniences; they pose significant implications for budgeting, investment decision-making, and overall market harmony.
Discrepancies in Charge Calculations
One of the primary issues that stakeholders face is the discrepancies in charge calculations. These inconsistencies can arise from various factors, including different property management practices, misunderstanding of the regulations, or errors in recording expenses. Homeowners may find themselves paying for services that are either inflated or unnecessary, leading to frustration and a feeling of discontent.
For instance, consider a situation where a homeowner receives a service charge bill that claims to include maintenance costs that were never discussed in meetings. Without proper documentation or communication from the property management, the homeowner may simply have to swallow these additional costs, which could have been avoided had the calculations been transparent and standardized.
- Implications of Discrepancies:
- Homeowners may lose trust in property management, which can lead to ongoing conflicts.
- Investors might face unexpected costs, making financial planning harder.
- Regulatory authorities may notice fluctuations in charge rates, leading to broader market distortions.
Overall, discrepancies not only affect individual agreements but can create a ripple effect throughout the entire real estate market in Dubai, challenging the organization's integrity.
Transparency Issues
Transparency issues pose another formidable challenge in the RERA service charge framework. Homeowners and investors alike often find themselves in the dark concerning how service charges are calculated and appropriated. The lack of clear communication about charge structures creates an environment of uncertainty and distrust, ultimately undermining the legitimacy of the services provided.
When property management companies fail to disclose key information such as service charge breakdowns or maintenance schedules, they open the door to speculation and conflict. Homeowners might assume that funds are being misallocated, or worse, that they are being taken advantage of.
"A lack of transparency breeds suspicion, and in the realm of real estate, this can become a costly issue for everyone involved."


In practical terms, concerns around transparency can lead to:
- Financial Misunderstandings: Homeowners might not fully understand what they are paying for, leading to conflicts over bills.
- Regulatory Scrutiny: The lack of clarity might draw the attention of regulatory bodies, potentially resulting in fines or stricter regulations.
- Market Instability: Investors may hesitate to commit, fearing that they will encounter unforeseen costs or ambiguous agreements.
As much as service charges are an integral part of property management, the way they are handled can deeply affect trust and cooperation among all parties involved. By addressing discrepancies in calculations and ensuring transparency, stakeholders can foster a healthier environment where financial obligations are clear and justifiable.
Case Studies: RERA Service Charge Index in Action
Understanding the RERA Service Charge Index is not merely an academic exercise; it’s about real-world applications that can elucidate the importance of this index in the Dubai real estate market. By diving into specific case studies, stakeholders can get a clear picture of how service charges are structured, the challenges encountered, and the lessons learned from various developments. These examples serve not just as stories, but as critical assessments that can guide future practice and decision-making.
Successful Implementations
In examining the practical applications of the RERA Service Charge Index, several examples stand out. Take the case of the Al Barsha district. A prominent real estate development there implemented a transparent service charge model, which significantly boosted homeowner satisfaction. They established a meticulous breakdown of service charges, clearly itemizing maintenance costs, security expenses, and utility bills. This approach fostered trust among homeowners, as they could see where their money was going.
Another noteworthy example comes from the Dubai Marina area, where a residential community introduced a fixed service charge per square foot. By aligning service charges with the RERA guidelines and offering numerous amenities, they attracted many investors. Such successful implementations showcase the direct correlation between clear communication about service charges and enhanced property appeal.
Lessons Learned
Though the examples of successful implementations point to positive outcomes, they also reveal several lessons that other developers and managers need to consider. One pivotal lesson is the necessity of ongoing communication. For instance, in a failed attempt at implementing a new service charge model in Downtown Dubai, a lack of engagement with residents led to confusion and pushback. When residents felt excluded from the decision-making process, dissatisfaction brewed, showcasing how critical transparency and communication are in this landscape.
Moreover, flexibility is essential. A rigid approach to service charges can alienate potential investors. The responses across various communities indicate that tailored solutions, which consider the specific needs of residents and investors, tend to thrive. On top of this, a consistent review process for service charge calculations ensures that they remain fair and reflective of actual conditions. A failure to revisit charge structures periodically can lead to discrepancies and discontent.
"The key to successful property management lies not just in compliance with regulations, but in understanding stakeholder needs and fostering a collaborative environment."
Ultimately, these studies provide invaluable insights into the RERA Service Charge Index's functioning. By analyzing what works and what doesn't, stakeholders can align their strategies effectively, ensuring that both homeowners and investors find value in the properties they choose.
For further reading on the impact of service charges in real estate, you can look into resources available at RERA or detailed market analyses on Wikipedia.
Through these examples and the rich learnings they offer, it becomes evident that understanding and implementing the RERA Service Charge Index is paramount in today’s evolving real estate market.
Guidelines for Navigating the RERA Service Charge Index
Navigating the RERA Service Charge Index is akin to walking through a bustling market; it requires awareness and understanding of the various elements at play. The here is to paint a clear path for homeowners and investors alike, leading them through the potentially murky waters of service charges. Given the complex nature of real estate dynamics in Dubai, it becomes crucial to comprehend the subtleties of this index, which, though sometimes perceived as just numbers on a page, reflect a far deeper narrative about the property landscape.
For Homeowners
Homeowners are often on the receiving end of service charges, but understanding these charges can empower them to make informed decisions. The significance of this understanding cannot be overstated. Getting familiar with what's covered—maintenance, security, utilities—is vital. For instance, a homeowner might be paying a bit extra for high-quality security services or lush landscaping in their community. Knowing what constitutes service charges can enable homeowners to budget more effectively.
- Questions to Consider:
- What specific services are included in the charges?
- Are there other associated costs that might pop up?
Assessing value is also key. Just because a charge is higher doesn’t mean it’s a bad deal. Think of it as shopping quality; paying a bit more could secure better amenities and services. Connecting with other homeowners can provide insights—it’s often shared experiences that illuminate potential pitfalls or benefits.
For Investors
For investors, understanding the RERA Service Charge Index takes on a slightly different hue, but remains no less important. It's not only about looking at the raw numbers but interpreting what they signify for long-term investment value. In real estate, every dirham spent on service charges needs to be evaluated in relation to the property's overall profitability.
- Strategies for Investors:
- Scrutinize the break-down of service charges in the properties you're interested in.
- Consider the historical trends of these charges—they can offer insights into future expectations.
Investors must also pay attention to regulatory changes that could affect these charges. The landscape can shift rapidly, impacting both present expenses and future profitability. By staying informed, an investor not only protects their assets but also positions themselves advantageously in an ever-evolving market.
In summary, understanding the RERA Service Charge Index is paramount for both homeowners and investors. It equips them with the knowledge needed to make solid decisions and enhances their ability to navigate the complex workings of Dubai's real estate market.
Consider familiarizing yourself with resources that delve deeper into these charges, such as RERA Dubai, where you'll find official guidelines to support your endeavors.
Future Outlook for the RERA Service Charge Index
As Dubai's real estate market continues to evolve, the RERA Service Charge Index holds substantial weight in determining how properties are valued and maintained. Understanding the future trajectory of this index is crucial for investors, homeowners, and analysts alike. Keeping an eye on its development not only informs financial decisions but also highlights the growing importance of transparency in property management.
In the coming years, several factors could influence the shape of the RERA Service Charge Index. Increased urbanization, technological advancements, and shifts in regulatory frameworks are some key drivers that stakeholders should monitor closely.
Predicted Changes
- Integration of Technology: The arrival of new technologies could streamline the process of calculating and justifying service charges. From real-time data analytics to artificial intelligence-based predictions, these advancements may introduce a level of accuracy previously unseen.
- Increased Regulation Compliance: As the regulatory environment becomes stricter, property management companies may need to adjust their service charges to comply with new laws. This could lead to more standardized charges across the board, allowing homeowners and investors to make fairer comparisons.
- Demand for Sustainability: With an increasing focus on sustainability and eco-friendly living spaces, property management might see a recalibration of service charges to reflect green initiatives. Charges could incorporate costs related to maintenance of sustainable facilities, thus altering the landscape for what is typically covered.
- Rising Costs of Living: Inflation is a looming reality, affecting everything from food prices to housing. This upward trend in costs may inevitably creep into the RERA Service Charge Index. Homeowners should brace for potential hikes as operational expenses increase.
Potential Impact on the Market
The changes in the RERA Service Charge Index will ripple through the market in a variety of ways:
- Homeowners and Investors: A more transparent and standardized framework can enhance trust between property managers and residents. Homeowners armed with clear information on how service charges are calculated will be better positioned to assess value for money, shaping their investment and living decisions.
- Property Values: Alterations to service charges can directly affect property valuations. If charges become more predictable and equitable, properties could experience an uptick in demand, attracting diverse buyers. Conversely, if charges inflate without justification, it could deter investment, leading to potential dips in property values.
- Market Competitiveness: As real estate becomes increasingly competitive, developers and investors who can best navigate and adapt to the RERA Service Charge Index will likely see advantages in marketing and operational strategies.
In summation, the future of the RERA Service Charge Index is not just about numbers; it is a bellwether for how Dubai's real estate landscape will adapt to societal needs, technological advancements, and regulatory changes. Stakeholders must stay vigilant, as an informed approach is vital for navigating this dynamic market.















